Importance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishme

Significance of St. Petersburg in Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment Fyodor Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment investigates the risky impacts of St. Petersburg, a threatening city, on the mind of the ruined understudy Raskolnikov. In this novel, Petersburg is something other than a background. The city assumes a focal job in the advancement of the characters and the moves that they make. Raskolnikov makes due in one of the confined, dull spaces that are normal for Petersburg. These spaces resemble final resting places; they choke out Raskolnikov's brain. St. Petersburg makes an unusual situation where Raskolnikov can make the Overman Theory, yet he can likewise do it by killing a pawnbroker without hesitating, at that point legitimize his activities with the conviction that society will be in an ideal situation without her. Raskolnikov finds no help outside of his confined room; the Petersburg atmosphere is similarly as harsh to the mind as the confined space of Raskolnikov’s room. Not exclusively is the outside air risky; it drives him to disc over help in the devil’s bar. While meandering the diabolical roads of St. Petersburg, Raskolnikov enters the devil’s domain as Petersburg bars. These are underhanded spots, where deceptive thoughts of burglary and murder circle. Raskolnikov catches the contorted plan to execute the pawnbroker inside one of these invaded bars. The threatening idea of the spaces in Petersburg permits Raskolnikov to grasp the Overman Theory and the Arithmetic of Morality. Raskolnikov legitimizes slaughtering the pawnbroker since he presumes that it is normal, just, and unadulterated number juggling. One individual must pass on with the goal that the lives of various others might be spared. The Arithmetic of Morality seems coherent to Raskolniko... ...unrest. For Marmeladov, this prompts his implosion as a drunkard, tossing his life and the life of his family away in bars; for Raskolnikov it makes him murder two unprotected ladies, wanting to take cash that can be utilized to help other people. Both these men intend no mischief by their activities, yet their confined, secluded condition molds them into twisted characters who appear to act not of their own will, yet just as got through life by the powers of St. Petersburg. Works Cited Bely, Andrei. Petersburg. Trans. Robert A. Maguire and John E. Malmstad. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1978.  Dostoyevsky, Fyodor. Wrongdoing and Punishment. New York: Penguin Signet Classic, 1968.  Gogol, Nikolai. The Overcoat. The Collected Tales of Nikolai Gogol. Trans. Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. New York: Pantheon Books, 1998. 394-435.

Drug Use Among African-American Adolescent Females Essay

Medication Use Among African-American Adolescent Females - Essay Example What's more, substance use and misuse prompts more unfortunate execution in school, untimely dropping out, legitimate complexities, and poor work openings. These are unequivocally the issues that a youthful African-American female is sick prepared to stand up to in reality as we know it where race and sexual orientation may as of now place them off guard. African-American juvenile females have made incredible walks in going up against sedate maltreatment, yet there are as yet a few hazard factors that they are routinely presented to. Substance misuse has been distinguished as the country's main medical issue. It is basic to address the issue of adolescent medication use as most clients start utilizing AOD before they turn 15 years of age (Lewis et al., 2002, p.15). For the motivations behind this paper, a pre-adult is an individual going to class in grades 13 through 18 years of age. Venturing and interceding into this age section is one of the keys to the achievement of stemming the tide of chronic drug use. It is quite applicable to comprehend the extent of the issue just as the triggers and stressors that may lead a youthful dark female to utilize medications or backslide after a treatment program. The practical expense to society makes it monetarily basic to mediate at a youthful age. An untreated medication issue costs society right around four fold the amount of as would be spent on a private treatment program (Lewis et al., 2002, p.56). There is likewise an incredible individual cost connected to the abuse r of AOD. Physical wellbeing experiences the medications, yet in addition from poor dietary patterns and the pressure associated with the disgrace of medication use. The legitimate status of high schooler utilization of medications can decimate a little youngster's life by upsetting the instructive procedure and presenting them to other crime. While substance misuse is a significant danger to our general wellbeing, it is one that the country can't bear to overlook. Stressors that raise the danger of medication use are regularly not sexual orientation or race explicit, however there are some outstanding special cases. By and large, females in their youngster years will in general utilize marginally less medications than their male partners. Almost 50 percent of people have attempted an illicit medication by their senior year of secondary school, and liquor is the most well known medication of decision followed by pot (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, and Schulenberg, 2007, p.115). Nonetheless, weed is the medication that is most routinely utilized, with 1 percent of eighth graders smoking it day by day, and 5 percent of twelfth graders utilizing the medication day by day (Johnston et al., 2007, p.90). As opposed to the run of the mill generalizing of the media, African-American adolescents utilize less medication and less frequently than their Caucasian or Hispanic associates (Johnston et al., 2007, p.132-135). This misperception might be because of the solid connection among's destitution and medication use, and the over-portrayal of African-Americans in the country's punitive framework. Be that as it may, the insights plainly show that youthful African-American females are one of the most minimal utilizing segment gatherings. There are a few constrains that come to shoulder on youthful African-American ladies to start utilizing drugs. Having an open door past secondary school significantly affects an understudy's choice to defer testing and utilizing drugs. Pot use by eighth graders is 50 percent lower among the understudies who are anticipating going to a 4-year school (Johnston, et al., 2007,

Integrity vs. Despair in Psychosocial Development

Integrity vs. Despair in Psychosocial Development Theories Psychosocial Psychology Print Integrity vs. Despair in Psychosocial Development By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on February 01, 2020 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW on February 01, 2020 Psychosocial Development Overview Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Stagnation Integrity vs. Despair Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson’s stage theory of psychosocial development. This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death. Psychologists, counselors, and nurses today use the concepts of Eriksons stages when providing care for aging patients.?? Verywell / Nusha Ashjaee Erikson’s theory suggests that people pass through eight distinctive developmental stages as they grow and change through life. While many developmental theories tend to focus purely on childhood events, Erikson was one of the few theorists to look at development across the entire course of the lifespan. He was also one of the first to view the aging process itself as part of human development. At each stage of psychosocial development, people are faced with a crisis that acts as a turning point in development. Successfully resolving the crisis leads to developing a psychological virtue that contributes to overall psychological well-being. At the integrity versus despair stage, the key conflict centers on questioning whether or not the individual has led a meaningful, satisfying life. Overview Psychosocial Conflict: Integrity versus despairMajor Question: Did I live a meaningful life?Basic Virtue: WisdomImportant Event(s): Reflecting back on life Integrity vs. Despair The integrity versus despair stage begins as the aging adult begins to tackle the problem of his or her mortality. The onset of this stage is often triggered by life events such as retirement, the loss of a spouse, the loss of friends and acquaintances, facing a terminal illness, and other changes to major roles in life.?? During the integrity versus despair stage, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent. Successfully resolving the crisis at this stage leads to the development of what Erikson referred to as ego integrity. People are able to look back at their life with a sense of contentment and face the end of life with a sense of wisdom and no regrets.?? Erikson defined this wisdom as an informed and detached concern with life itself even in the face of death itself. Those who feel proud of their accomplishments will feel a sense of integrity. Successfully completing this phase means looking back with few regrets and a general feeling of satisfaction. These individuals will attain wisdom, even when confronting death.?? Those who are unsuccessful during this phase will feel that their life has been wasted and will experience many regrets. The individual will be left with feelings of bitterness and despair. An Example of the Integrity vs.  Despair Stage June just turned 65 and recently retired from her job as a school teacher. As she begins to reflect back on her life, she finds that she experiences both feelings of satisfaction as well as a few regrets. In addition to a career as a teacher that spanned over three decades, she also raised four children and has good relationships with all of her kids. She feels proud of her years educating young children and being around her young grandchildren leaves her with a sense of pride. On the other hand, her youngest daughter bounces from job to job and regularly has to ask June for financial assistance. June wonders at times if there is something she could have done to set her daughter on a better path.  June also feels pangs of regret that she never pursued a graduate degree and moved into an administrative role. Like most people, June looks back on her life and sees both the things she is proud of as well as the things she might regret. How she resolves this crisis determines whether she will achieve ego integrity or if she will be left only with feelings of despair. While she realizes that there are some things she might have done differently if she had the chance, June feels an overall sense of pride and accomplishment in her life. She made valuable contributions to society, successfully raised a family and every time she thinks of her grandchildren she realizes that she has given something to the world that will ultimately outlast her. As she faces the end of her life, June feels a sense of being complete and is able to look back and face what is ahead with a sense of wisdom and peace. A Word From Verywell According to Eriksons theory, individuals dont experience integrity or despair all the time. Instead, most healthy individuals experience a balance between each as they begin to make sense of their lives.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Or Dna Is A Genetic Code That...

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA is a genetic code that determines the characteristics of a living organism. DNA is a large molecule shaped as a double helix, or twisted ladder. It is made of repeating units called nucleotides. Unlike RNA, DNA does not have uracil, but does have thymine, and the other bases (adenine, cytosine, and guanine). DNA is very important for when it comes to transferring hereditary information. Hereditary material, or â€Å"information† is from the parents of the offspring. It is information passed down from generation to generation and makes the human race unique. Without unique DNA, the human race could become extinct in an instant. The discovery of the double helix structure of DNA was discovered by mainly by†¦show more content†¦DNA is used to determine paternity and solve crimes by using the latest DNA technology. DNA fingerprinting is a test used to identify and evaluate the DNA in a person’s cells. Because every human has a unique fingerprint, it is easy to tell who was at a crime scene when remnants of cells are left. DNA testing can confirm paternity by looking at pedigrees, or taking blood samples. With the DNA technology that is available today, police are able to narrow down suspects in a crime scene. Scientists are now able to discover biological family members that are missing and help with problems like inheritance and child custody. It also helps with adoptions and child support. New DNA technology is now even able to find the probability of having a child with a biological disease. A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence code that can result in a genetic malfunction. Mutations can affect a single base pair, or a large segment of multiple genes. Gene mutations can be classified into two major groups; hereditary and acquired. Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are throughout a person’s life, like downs syndrome and sickle cell anemia. 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It goes back to where it started, not moving at all. The only way we can determine that time will speed up or slow down is due to the spot at where the objects are being viewed. From the perspective of the objects in orbit, the speed of the objects or the force the objects have on each other has not changed. Time requires motionRead MoreWhat is DNA? Where is it found? Essay660 Words   |  3 Pages What is DNA? Where is it found? What makes it so special? How does it work? DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), is defined as a heredity material in humans or all over other organisms in this world. In a person’s body, nearly every cell has a same DNA. Mostly DNA can be found in cell nucleus and few are found in Mitochondria. (Christine A.Evers, 2012). †¢ COMPONENTS OF DNA: The DNA information is stored as a code and they are made up of four chemical bases:

Designing A Cost Classification Approach - 1087 Words

In order to efficiently calculate cost or expenses, Mal Ltd should adopt a cost classification approach. Cost classification is the separation of costs or expenses into different categories. The main categories that is largely used in cost classification are direct and indirect costs which can be broken down into many different costs that are expensed in the business. Cost classification can improve a business in many ways. One of the main benefits is through cost classification, profits can be increased. This is done by having an effective cost control and cost reduction (Kaplan Cooper, 1998. By breaking down costs into fixed and variable costs, it will be easier to control and reduce costs. Cost classification can also help in the fixation of selling price. As the cost of a product can be broken down into more specific costs, it enables the management of Mal Ltd to adopt the most suitable selling price. Classifying costs can help Mal Ltd disclose which activities are profitable an d non-profitable. This enables management to decide whether they want to continue carrying out and expanding profitable activities or eliminating unprofitable activities. It also allows management to improve budgeting (Kaplan Cooper, 1998). With cost classification, management of Mal Ltd can ascertain which costs belong to which department and this allows them to efficiently set budgets for different departments in accordance with the level of activity within the department. In my opinion,Show MoreRelatedA Critical Review On The Uk Government900 Words   |  4 PagesBIM Strategy Report, 2011) This construction strategy is set to start applying Level 2 collaborative 3D BIM with Library Management (created in separate discipline models) on all public building projects by 2016, with the aim of decreasing the total cost and carbon emissions from construction processes and activities by 20%. 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Is mathematics in business necessary in the decision making process Free Essays

string(90) " the most important and essential factor of the production method is to reduce the waste\." Introduction In this assignment, I am going to show how Mathematics in business is necessary in the decision making process. The business which I have chosen to do my assignment is Corus. Corus is the steel manufacturing industry in Europe. We will write a custom essay sample on Is mathematics in business necessary in the decision making process? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Corus The steel industry has a very long and rich history. It has been able to enjoy wide range of economical, political and strategic importance with its remarkable technological varieties and enterprenuership. The steel has been able to establish itself as the material which is strong, reliable and very durable. In the early days the cost of production of steel was very high so was it’s cost. Hence the steel was only used in those place of situations where other materials were unable to do. But today the situation is different. There are hundreds of steel industries producing millions of tonnes of steel every year. Today the steel has become the integral part of our lives mostly for the construction or as home appliances. Among hundreds of steel producers Corus Group is one of them which operates mainly in Europe. History of Corus Corus Group (Currently Tata Steel Europe) which is the largest in UK and second largest steel manufacturing company in Europe, branch of Tata Steel Group of India, one of the ten largest steel producing company in the world (www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/) [Accessed 21st March 2011].The company employs about 42,000 workers around the world. The Corus Long Products (CLP) produces around 4.3 million tonnes of steel products every year. The Corus Group was formed in 6th October 1999 when the British Steel and Koninklijke Hoogovens merged with each other. It was acquired by the Tata Group of Companies on 30th January 2007 with its headquarter establishing in London, England. The Corus has been using its own logo until 27th of September 2010.Though the Corus was acquired by the Tata company no sudden changes were made. Instead it decided to change gradually that is why the visual transition occurred after more than three and half years after being aquired by the Tata Group. It has got the ma nufacturing companies in England, Scotland, Netherlands and France. The Corus has been in the European market for long time and has got it’s own range of customers. The Corus has been operating mainly in the four major steel plants: Port Talbot, South Wales Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire Teesside Ijmuiden in the Netherlands As any other industries Corus too had go through the high and the low phase since its formation in 1999.The company was not doing well in the market resulting into loss each year until 2004. After the research conducted the reasons the company found were: Poor deliveries: The company was unable to provide the materials to the customers on time which led to the dissatisfaction to customers and they moved to other companies to order the products. Competitiveness: Being located in the Europe the Corus had the high cost of production where as the steel manufacturing companies from Asia and Africa were much had much low cost of production which led to the more tough competition. The competition was so high that the Corus group had to merge into Tata steel one of the ten largest steel manufacturing company in the world. High wastages: The company was not very conscious about the adverse effects of the high wastages until the company applied the Continuous Improvement (CI) method to lift the company back in track in 2004. Low motivation/morale staffs: As the company was not doing very well the chances of jobs being cut off were high which led the workers to the job insecurity and low confidence. As the workers were afraid of their jobs would not be recognized by their productivity. The company was giving importance to those staffs who were working in the company for many years rather than the people who were working for the development of the company, who had great talent. The company would give importance to those staffs who were there for many years rather than the talented ones when jobs were being cut. This led to the blow of the self confidence and very low morale of the workers of the company. Since then the company decided to apply the Continuous Improvement (CI) method also known as Kaizen method. This method mainly focuses on the following areas: Focus on making every small improvements: Functions, systems and procedures: This process was to look carefully into the functioning machines and revise the systems and manage the procedures. Decentralization of people to make decisions: Decentralization in company would give all the workers to share their views and suggestions for the betterment of the company. This can be very useful in boosting the motivation of the employees, they can feel their importance to the company is essential. Increasing internal capabilities and raising quality: Meeting customer needs: To succeed in the business sector one of the most important thing required is to meet the customer needs. Once a company becomes able to meet the needs of the customers then no one can stop a company from being successful though it is very tough and equally challenging to meet the needs of customers everytime. Minimize wastages Apply lean production: Trying to figure out and search the best possible way to manufacture goods can always be helpful for the company. (As there can be many other ways of production but as in the case of Corus Lean Production seems the best way.) Increase competitive advantage: Helps you win/get the contracts: Improvising the product and making it more applicable to the customers can always be helpful. If a company develops a product which has more advantageous features with the same price then a company always has a greater chance to attract the new customers as well as the regular ones. Lean Production Helps to reduce waste For example: Time, money and materials: One of the most important and essential factor of the production method is to reduce the waste. You read "Is mathematics in business necessary in the decision making process?" in category "Essay examples" As the waste itself is wastes the useful material and besides that it takes a lot of time and money to manage It or dump it. So if we become able to minimize wastes it can be more profitable in the long term. Rise in efficiency leads to few resources requirement: Using the resources carefully which we can say using the resources efficiently is one of the very important aspect in lean production. This leads to the high output (productivity) with low input. Profit rises because of the increase in productivity: When a company is able to reduce the waste and produce more with less input which means the productivity has gone up and for a company to be profitable the productivity always has to be higher. Just In Time (JIT) Helps in reducing the costs in raw materials and finished goods: This is also one of the very important factor to be more efficient with the materials as this Just In Time method is very helpful in reducing the cost of stocks and risk of being outdated if not delivered in time. So manufacturing the goods only when ordered can be very helpful in using the raw materials very wisely and efficiently. Helpful in meeting the deadlines: Though it sounds easier but to apply the Just In Time method is very difficult as it is very risky. If the products are not delivered just in time the company has even more risk losing its overall business as it creates a bad publicity in between the customers of company not giving importance to them. But these challenges can be very helpful in meeting the deadlines as it has so many risks attached to it. The company (Corus) then focused on mnemonic ‘TIM WOOD’ table which helped the employees to focus in their respective areas. The following is the table of the ’TIM WOOD’: Table 1 http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/downloads/corus/corus_14_full.pdf [Accessed 21st March 2011] New Product Development Acquiring new ideas from different sources Employees, customers, technology and competitors: If we see as an example for the sustainability of any company most of it would be of its new products or ideas. For the sustainability of any company new ideas are very essential which can be taken from anyone around. Employees of company from lower to higher level, customer feedbacks, technology updates and competitors can teach a lot of lessons too. Product innovation derives key steps Research new formula: The company has to keep on researching the new formula for products as the invention of new formula can bring the success to the company. If company tries to cash in in the old products then the customers might be bored of that product and start searching for the next producer. Keep testing: Testing the products is also an important factor of innovation as more you test the more you go closer to finding the defects or the ideas for innovation. Sampling in small scale: Though the testing is very important for the innovation the testing should be done very wisely as the testing might end up using a lot of materials, time and money. So the testing should be done in small scale which is also known as sampling. Product Testing Small scale testing to be efficient: To test a big volume product it is not always compulsory that it needs a big amount of raw materials. Normally the prototype of the product can be made in smaller size and tested in different aspects, which becomes more efficient and less costly. Create prototypes to test effects of different elements The steel ingredients Heating Milling process Cooling Additional heating Creating the whole manufacturing process in small sample/prototypes can always be helpful to test the different elements of manufacturing process. Computer modeling used to track impact of change of each factor Outcomes and benefits of Continuous Improvement Cost efficient: At the end it helps in producing more with less input. Waste minimization: This helps in using the raw materials wisely and efficiently. Helpful in meeting customers deadlines: The manufacturer becomes more time efficient. Above factors help in getting other orders: Competition can be won by following the above factors. Helps the other steel industries to improve overall performance: The whole group of industries can learn the efficient ways of manufacturing and improve the overall performance and productivity. (The methods mentioned above are written keeping the Corus on mind) (These methods can vary according to the types of companies) Tata Steel Group’s Profit after tax for Q3 FY’11 at Rs1,003 crores (US$224 million) was around 112% higher than the profit of Rs473 crores (US$106 million) in the corresponding period of the previous year (Q3 FY’10). During the first nine months of the financial year 2010-11 (9M FY’11), the Group recorded Profit after tax (after minority interest and share of profit of associates) of Rs4,807 crores (US$1.08 billion) compared to a loss of Rs4,443 crores (US$994 million) in 9M FY’10, an improvement of Rs9,250 crores (US$2.07 billion). http://www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/news/news/2011_q3_results [Accessed 22nd March] The above mentioned financial report is acquired from Tata Steel Industry’s website, which shows the profit of the company after paying the tax has gone up in comparison to the previous year’s time period. It shows that the company had lost US$994 million in previous year but made profit of US$1.08 billion this year compared to previous year. Conclusion In the case study of Corus above we can figure out how the decision has to be taken in different types of situation and what kinds of situation can on industry face and how the calculations are done when the company is not doing well. It has helped to analyze the comparisons have to be done to know the company’s status and the decision making can be much easier when research are conducted, data are analyzed and the calculations are done. So the necessity of mathematics in identifying the statistics to make the decisions in business is very crucial. Bibliography: (www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/) [Accessed 21st March 2011]. http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/downloads/corus/corus_14_full.pdf [Accessed 21st March 2011] http://www.tatasteeleurope.com/en/news/news/2011_q3_results [Accessed 22nd March] http://www.worldsteel.org/?action=programsid=53[Accessed 21st March 2011]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Steel_Europe[Accessed 21st March 2011]. http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-study–overcoming-barriers-to-change–56-382-1.php[Accessed 21st March 2011]. How to cite Is mathematics in business necessary in the decision making process?, Essay examples

Total Quality Management (TQM) Global Financial Crisis

Question: Total Quality Management (TQM) can be described to be a management philosophy embracing all activities through which the needs and expectations of the customer and the objectives of the organisation are satisfied in the most effective and efficient way. To implement successful TQM within an organisation the following factors should be addressed: Total employee commitment Strategic and systematic approaches to manage quality Integrated systems Decision making based on fact, both quantitative and qualitative Tools/systems to attain continuous improvements Effective communication throughout the organisation Staff training and development You are required to research and evaluate the impacts that successful implementation of at least two of the factors above would have on an organisation of your choice. Provide examples of organisations within the Events sector that illustrate good practice. Answer: Introduction Total Quality Management (TQM) is an approach used in companies and firms that depict a broad and organized approach to managerial organization that aims at improving the quality of goods and services. The requirements of TQM differ from one organization to the next, but they all adhere to the set standards and has since been adopted and applied to almost all organization that can be imagined with examples of schools, hotel management, and even highway management (Wilkinson, Redman, Snape, and Marchington, 1998).TQM standards contain a series of four categorical processes. They include planning, doing the planned activity, checking how the process runs and acting toward your findings. The Genesis And History Of Tqm The concept of process control and the efforts made to produce a quality product is nothing new in our today time. It has been traced by historians dating as far back as 3000B.C in the Babylonian empire. The Babylonians did put preference in the quality of production mainly from the Hammurabis code, a ruler of Babylon at the time. This law depicts a particular concern for quality during production (Sims, 1995). This process control is believed to have begun with the pyramid construction in Egypt when a quarrying and a dressing system was designed. Not far from the time of pyramid construction did the Greek architectures surpass the Egyptians in military based areas. They showed control when they indulged in ship building in Venice introducing a rudimentary system in the production process and product standardization. In these two systems work done by an operative was inspected. A decision to accept or rejecting the agent's work was then made (Montgomery, 2007). However as the product ion process grew larger, problems arose such as: there was an increase in technical difficulties, which required specialized skill which was not passed by production workers, there were instances where inspectors did lack training, in other circumstances to increase output the inspectors were given a direct order to accept substandard goods and finally people with the necessary skills and training were promoted to other areas and given new roles, leaving the semi-skilled laborers to conduct operational duties. This affected their production terribly. These challenges prompted the birth of a whole new inspectorate department in the production headed by "chief inspector" who reported to manufacturing in charge or the manager of workers. This creation of a new office came with new and organized issues of standardizing of products, recording of data, training of employees and equipment measuring. This was an issue as the responsibilities and duties of "chief Inspector" were way too more than just accepting of products and of course the responsibility to address defects whenever they emerge. The quality control department evolved, and the in charge was given a new role of inspecting the product and the role of quality control engineering (Hoyle, 2001). The rise of an industrial revolution and the emergence of the factory system, quality and control were developed. And the early concept that was applied here is still used today. There was a need for labor specialization as the many people working in a factory had to be organized. The interchangeability of roles by the worker was introduced by Eli Whitney to manufacture 15, 000 muskets for the government at the time which he succeeded. This event represented the emerging age of mass production. It was characterized by replacing a skilled craftsman as the inspector at the workbench with a specialized function of conducted inspection processes by individuals who were not directly involved in the process of production London (Kanji, Malek, and Tambi, 1999). In the 1920's, there was a birth of statistical theory in the practical quality control. In 1924 Shewhart became the first man to sketch a chart of the modern control system. Deming later developed on Shewhart's work and the early work of Deming, Shewhart, Romig and Dodge constitute the basis of our modern statistical process control. However, little of this technique was applied till late 1940's. At that time, the Japanese industrial system was not reliable. They were associated with imitation products and a workforce which was mostly illiterate. They, Japanese noted this weakness and decided to solve them with the aid of recognized Gurus, Feigenbaum, Deming, and Juran. Early 1950's excellent management practices were observed in Japanese production plants, and this became a major theme in the Japanese management philosophy. This was upheld by everyone and by 1960 quality control, and management was recognized as a national preoccupation (Deming, and Edwards, 1982). International conference regarding control of quality was first held in 1969 held in Tokyo, Japan. The term "total control" by first used by Feigen Baum and he explained that it referred to many issues like organization, planning, and management tasks. "Total Quality Control" was defined by Ishikawa and mainly referred to the general company control of quality and further described how quality control should be studied and exercised by all employees starting from management at the top to workers at the bottom. With the west countries, quality control began in the early 1980s. This was noted when companies come up with their own quality control programs and ways to compete with the Japanese advancement in quality control. In 1982, the Trade and Industry department of Britain stated that the country's world trade was on the drop and this had an adverse effect on the people's standards of living. There was great competition globally and the came up with National Quality Campaign in 1983 with BS5750 as the central theme. Its goal was to emphasize to industries the merits of quality for a chance in the competitiveness in the global market (Evans and Lindsay, 2002). International Standards Organization was developed since then and has been the standards recognized internationally for systems involved in the quality management. It entails several rules that describe the requirements for documenting, implementing and maintaining a quality system. Currently, in the 21st century, TQM has a place in many countries that gives an outline of quality helping organizations achieve excellent performance. Quality standards with ISO 9000 series and programs with quality awards such as Malcolm Baldrige and Deming prize give the specific principles and the TQM processes (Wright, 1997). Case Study 1: Excel London At Excel London, the company has used several techniques in the corporation to ensure employees commitment. These techniques are; Affective Commitment in Excel; in the general description, this is understood as the workforce's constructive emotional bonding to the organization. At Excel, the corporation has created an environment such that the employees have an emotional bonding with the body. They find it in their hearts to stay with the organization not because they are forced to but because it is their choice to do so. The corporation has enabled this through the level of respect and the power given to the workers. The workers are free to air their concerns to the managers and even pose suggestion on the area in which they feel needs improvement (Yusof, and Aspinwall, 2000). The workers also feel obligated to the business because of the world class employee treatment they get from their managers and the free, fair and open promotional practices that happen in the organization. At excel the promotion chances are open to every employee who is hard working and has had an excellent history of customer service (D ale, 1999). The second technique that Excel London uses to ensure employee commitment is the continuance commitment where the employees show commitment to the organization because the thought of losing a position at Excel given the high standards of workers' image that the employee earns by working at a global recognized institution like Excel gets. They organization has ensured this by creating a variety of reasons like the high financial salary with many benefits, several social costs relating to ties and reputation and many more make the employee be very committed to the organization given that not so many corporations out there offer similar rates of payments and benefits and have the same brand image as Excel London (Kanji, Malek, and Tambi, 1999). Excel London has also ensured employees commitment by creating a normative commitment where the workers have an obligation to the Excel London. It has achieved these through the various services provided to their employees at a personal or social level and in return the workers feel obligated to return the favor by being committed to the Excel London company. The loyalty showed by the workers in their working areas is strong due to individual value perspectives that define his or her behavior in the business or due to social norms that relate to the environment the organization belongs to (Schmitt, 2009). Excel London kept measures to ensure continuous improvements in the organization. This measure is; Upholding high standards in their products and services; Excel London aims to increase its productivity by maintaining the high-quality services they provide. Though the event organizers the corporation aims at organizing events convenient to their customers regarding the room sizes to accommodate all the members, decoration of the chamber and provision of excellent audio and visual systems. The exhibitors are there of high-quality art works and stature displays to the visitors. Employees motivation and participation; the organization focuses on the level of services that their employee give to their customers. And to ensure quality service delivered which in turn will result in the growth of the Excel London the organization has carried out employee motivation through high payments and provision of benefits to workers. It has also motivated them through the equal opportunity of promotions to every employee and salary increment. Continuous improvement processes; the organization has installed measure of continuously coming up with the new structures, decorative, and services offered by the new experienced laborers and emerging technology to improve the quality of services they offer. By so doing it has been building its brand name over the years and-and thus increasing the number of visitors it gets. The impact of efforts made to ensure workers commitment and continuous improvement of the organization have led to success of the business and a worldwide brand image the organization has due to its classy services. Positive result when it comes to the Excel London Hospitality department where the workers deliver a modern class hospitality practices such as serving food and drinks at the hearts of visitors experience. Event organizers and exhibitors and catering service work together, through a union commitment practice to creating meetings and menus and other performance experiences that enhance the experience of the visitors, and this leads to a more successful outcome. This success is what has attributed Excel London to be receiving visitors all-round the year. Case Study 2: O2 This is an organization aimed at delivering cutting-edge, innovative games across all and any discipline in which they specialize at. These controls include sound, lighting, event management and logistics, scenery and a sustainable and environmentally friendly event production. The corporation has a professional and a dedicated approach to service and delivering of events of the best standards. The corporation does this by providing an extensive production service which by far takes the pressure off event management companies as well as private clients (Jones, 2014). The company has incorporated various aspects and techniques to in ensuring workers' commitment. These measures are; Employees engagement; The success of O2 has by far and wide been associated with the committed and motivated workforce. The corporation has provided an environment in which they make the employees feel that they play a paramount role in making the organization realize its goals. The O2 group also make the employees understand that the company values their contribution. The company has invented a mean to determine employee's level of commitment to the organization and their working condition and through the frequent dialogue the O2 group can get the employees complained and suggested areas of improvement. The body then takes the necessary action to ensure employees comfortability and satisfaction in their field of operation. Provision of a great working environment; The O2 corporation has a very attractive and homely atmosphere at this by itself is a motivating factor for the employees. The working environment and the brand image of the O2 boost the morale of the employee improving the level of services they offer (Greep, 2016). Training and rewarding of the workers; To raise the employee's commitment to the organization the company provides a uniform training of the workers equipping them with the relevant skills and services necessary to the delivery of services ant O2. Afterward, it undertakes the rewarding exercise to that employee who deliver excellent services. This has lost the employees commitment to the organization as they all want to be rewarded (Rother, 2009). The organization has also attained a system to achieve continuous improvement over the years. These are; Provision of opportunities to all employees in giving their views in the various areas they think needs improvement. The organization has given the employee the mandate to point out relevant sectors that need improvement in the group be it on management, operating environment, and even salary issues (Evans, and Lindsay, 2002) Incorporation of the employees in the attainment of the company goals. The company has provided the employees with the goal that they would wish to attain and requested the to be a part of its realization. This for years has increased the employee's output making them work towards the growth of the company (Greep, 2016). Provision of training to workers and staff. The organization has been providing training to their employees especially the ones who are in direct contact with their customers making them have the necessary skills and knowledge in the service rendering process. This over the year has built the brand name of O2 hence receiving, even more, visitors and hence promoting the corporation's growth ((Evans, and Lindsay, 2013) The impact of efforts made to ensure workers commitment and continuous improvement of the organization have led to increased number of visitors being received at the O2 corporation. Profits have been realized by the organization as the more the visits the more the profits. The O2 has also been able to expand their operations in terms of services and production taking advantage of the different needs of their visitor hence expanding their profits margins. This has also led to more jobs also being created due to the continuously expanding O2 organization (Greep, 2016). Conclusion TQM is a crucial concept and when applied in the correct manner to an organization or a company in its day to day operation then the results will certainly be rewarding. It is, however, important to note that for an efficient performance TQM should be practiced at all stages of the organization (Connolly, and Wall, 2011). This includes the lowest employees up the ladder to the managing directors and CEO of the organization. The beauty of TQM is that it is applicable to all departments of an organization including the finance, production, marketing and information departments (Kaplan, and Norton, 1996). Employees are given the mandate of decision-making and problem-solving hence improving on the quality standard of goods produced by the organization. TQM aims at bureaucratic decentralization approach in an organization (Walton, 1988). Recommendation Companies dealing with goods or services need to exercise total quality control management. By so doing the are going to increase their productivity, efficiency and avoid mistakes which could easily have been avoided if quality management practices were incorporated in administration. An organization should take into account the effort of an employee and give them a say in matters. By so doing they will be enhancing the morale of the worker hence an even better service rendering shall be exhibited by them (Goetsch, and Davis, 1997) Bibliography Connolly, C., and Wall, T., 2011. The global financial crisis and UK PPPs. International journal of public sector management, 24(6), pp.533-542. Dale, B., 1999. Total quality management. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Deming, W.E. and Edwards, D.W., 1982. Quality, productivity, and competitive position (Vol. 183). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for an advanced engineering study. Evans, J.R., and Lindsay, W.M., 2002. The management and control of quality (Vol. 5, pp. 115-128). Cincinnati, OH: South-Western. Evans, J.R., and Lindsay, W.M., 2013. Managing for quality and performance excellence. Cengage Learning. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 1997. Introduction to total quality. Quality Function Deployment, pp.245-279. Greep, s. (2016). Operating Regulations | O2arena.cz. [online] O2arena.cz. Available at: https://www.o2arena.cz/en/arena/operating-regulations/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Hoyle, D., 2001. ISO 9000: quality systems handbook. Jones, M., 2014. Sustainable event management: A practical guide. Routledge. Kanji, G.K., Malek, A. and Tambi, B.A., 1999. Total quality management in UK higher education institutions. Total Quality Management, 10(1), pp.129-153. Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P., 1996. Using the balanced scorecard as a strategic management system. Montgomery, D.C., 2007. Introduction to statistical quality control. John Wiley Sons. O2, T. (2016). Useful information | The O2. [online] Theo2.co.uk. Available at: https://www.theo2.co.uk/visit-us/useful-information [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Oxygen-events.com. (2016). Oxygen Event Services Ltd - London Event Production Company | Experts in technical production, logistical management conceptual design. [online] Available at: https://www.oxygen-events.com/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Rother, M., 2009. Toyota Kata: Managing people for improvement, adaptiveness, and superior results. McGraw-Hill Professional. Schmitt, B., 2009. Customer experience management. Handbuch Kommunikation: GrundlagenInnovative AnstzePraktische Umsetzungen, pp.697-711. Sims, S.J., 1995. Total quality management in higher education: Is it working? Why or why not?. Greenwood Publishing Group. Walton, M., 1988. The Deming management method. Penguin. Wilkinson, A., Redman, T., Snape, E. and Marchington, M., 1998. Managing with total quality management. Theory and Practice. London: MacMillan. Wright, J.N., 1997. Time and budget: the twin imperatives of a project sponsor. International journal of project management, 15(3), pp.181-186. Yusof, S.R.M. and Aspinwall, E., 2000. Total quality management implementation frameworks: comparison and review. Total quality management, 11(3), pp.281-294.

Operations Management free essay sample

Importance of Operations Management to the success of business (McDonald’s) Operations management refers to the activities, decisions and responsibilities of managing the resources which are dedicated to the production and delivery of products and services. Operations management exists in very organization and is very important in business operations since it forms the heart of the organisation by controlling the system of operation. McDonalds Corporation  is the worlds largest chain of  fast-food  restaurants. The business began in  1940, with a  restaurant  opened by siblings  Dick and Mac McDonald  in  San Bernardino,  California. Their introduction of the Speedee Service System in  1948established the principles of the modern  fast-food restaurant. Today McDonalds restaurants are found in 120 countries and territories around the world and serve nearly 54 million customers each day. http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/McDonalds McDonald’s is a fast pace restaurant providing the fast food, the operations management in McDonald’s is very important because it helps the restaurant to perform effectively and efficiently. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Operations management includes the whole planning of the product, capacity, and process, lay out, quality, etc. which is connected to the customer satisfaction. Also, the decision made in the operations management has big impact on both of the cost of producing products or services and they are connected to the profit. . 2 Explain the need for a McDonald’s restaurant to produce goods and services to time, cost and quality or specification, and with reference to legal requirements. There are many different types of legal legislation for McDonald’s cover the different aspects of the business such as operations in restaurants, advertising, marketing, company governance, health and safety, employment, sourcing of ingredients, product development. In this part, I will mainly explain about the products and services to time, cost and quality. McDonald’ supports the recommendations of the 1991 Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) report and the targets laid down in the Governments’ White Paper ‘The Health of the Nation’ by ensuring products conform with the guidelines. There are general policies of the ingredients used and products in McDonalds such as: McDonald’s 100% pure beef hamburger patties No additives, fillers, binders or flavour enhancers are used in food. Operations management free essay sample Operations management is concerned with the design, planning, control and improvement of an organization’s resources and processes to produce goods or services for customers. Whether it is the provision of airport services, greetings cards, plastic buckets or holidays, operations managers will have been involved in the design, creation and delivery of those products or service each part of the airport – terminals, baggage handling services, aero plane servicing and catering, for example – has been carefully designed to fulfill not only its current role, but also with the possible demands of the next year and even the next 10 years in mind. Birmingham International Airport; is one of the busiest airport in the United Kingdom. Around 20 flight arrive at and depart from the Eurohub Terminal. Airport Personnel oversea a wide range of complex operations, including flights, passengers, terminals, airfield, facilities, staff, equipment, security and ground transportation. Across the runway and acres of tarmac, at the site of the original airport, the overnight freight operation is just beginning to wake up with the arrival of staff and the preparations for the first aircraft from Europe or the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations management or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some of the 7000 staff from the 150 organizations based at Birmingham International Airport (BIA) sees to the needs of their customers. Question 1) Identify some of the micro operations to be found at the airport. For each one : a) Identify the transforming and transformed resources. b) State which is the predominant transformed resource. c) Describe the output of each micro operation and say who you think its customers are. Answer: In this case study we have found some of the micro operations which have been applied in the Birmingham International Airport. These are as follows- Baggage Handling, Ticketing, Fuel Loading, Aircraft Cleaning, Building Maintenance etc. a) transforming and transformed resources – Transformed resources Transforming resources Bag Baggage Handler Ticket Ticketing Clerk Fuel Fuel Handler Plane Cleaner Building Maintenance Worker b) The predominant transformed resource is the plan. In Operation management plan is the most predominant transformed resource because by proper planning or by imposing proper plan BIA’s Operation Director Richard Heard make the BIA airport is one of the most profitable and organized airport in the world. c) The output of each micro operation and the customers and their outputs are as below – Micro Operation Output of Micro Operation Customer Output of Customer Baggage Handling Reach Destination Passenger Passenger Happy Ticketing Correct Ticket Information Passenger Passenger Satisfaction Fuel Loading Full the Plane Tank With Fuel Airlines Staff Safety Journey Aircraft Cleaning Clean Plane Passenger and Airlines Staff Clean Surrounding Building Maintenance Nice and Solid Building Users of That Particular Building Safe to be Use Question No. -2: Summarize the job of the operation director. What are the main issues/problems he faces in managing the airport? Answer: Operation Director is responsible for supervising the operation of the establishments, to ensure that the highest standards are achieved and maintained in accordance with quality assurance policies and that all legal specifications are adhered to in line with the Health and Safety Policy. The Director of Operations reports to the Chief Operating Officer. In the absence of the Director of Operations, the Chief is designated to exercise authority on behalf of the Director of Operations. Operations director also involve in set up the decision to be taken for long term. Another key task is operational planning. Richard Heard works as an Operation Director in BIA. The main problems he faces in managing the airport through decision making. He has to make a proper decision for coordinating and setting the safety and customer service standards for everyone. For this he need to decide who is going to get the air bridges, who is going to get certain stands, who is going to have their passengers bused to the terminal at peak times, and so on. Operational planning is about making the operation as efficient as possible by working out how they can best allocate their infrastructure to the airlines. Discuss the relationship between the day-to-day tasks and the long-term issues and explain how Richard manages to oversee both at the same time? Answer: Day-to-day jobs or activity is that one’s anyone does every day as a normal part of your life, your job etc. For example-The manager is responsible for the day-to-day running of the hotel. Besides, long-term issues mean any bond issue which having a maturity for long period like 13 months or more. For example-long-term investment etc. There is a relationship between day-to-day tasks and long-term issues. Day-to-day task is involved in long-term issues, because if regular basis of work does not do properly it creates a long-term issue. In an airport management has to maintain the day-to-day activities. For maintaining long-term issues day-to-day task should be done properly. From this case study we see that the Operation Director Richard manages to oversee both day-to-day tasks and long-term issues at the same time. They have appointed terminal managers whose duty is to look after the day-to-day operational problems and they cover the airport 24 hours a day of the week with one senior manager who oversees each shift. The terminal major also deal with the major incidents like bomb threats, thus everyone will be saved and knows what is happening. As an operation director Richard maintains all of these activities for keeping the reputation of the airport for a long time. BIA’s mission is to be the best regional airport in Europe and for this they need to improve everything they do. They also create an impact on the local economy by encouraging inward investment and export. Introduction: Managing the airport is the job of operations director. Managing the airport here means, ensuring the smooth operations occur in and also outside the airport. Other than that is, the operations director must oversee his workers work. He must ensure that all of his workers done their work successfully. Ensuring smooth day to day operations also one of the operations director job. Operations director also involve in set up the decision to be taken for long term. The operations director job is about coordination and setting the safety and customer service standards for everyone to adhere to. Another key task is operational planning. Operational planning is about making the operation as efficient as possible by working out how to allocate the best infrastructure to the airlines.

US INVOLVEMENT IN WWII essays

US INVOLVEMENT IN WWII essays U.S. Involvement in European Conflict In the year 1939 when World War II broke out, President Roosevelt was quick to declare the United States a neutral party in the conflict. He felt this best for our nation, as did the American citizens. We wished to avoid all foreign entanglements. On December 7th, 1941 the public outlook changed with the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor. Soon after, Germany declared war on our nation. Through the use of propaganda, videos and posters alike, the U.S. government soon had the American people backing the war effort. We soon saw and understood that Germany had to be stopped. The United States was by no means the soul contributor to the downfall of Adolph Hitler and Nazi Germany, but without our support, technology, and manpower, the Axis powers would have dominated the European continent. Even before the United States entered the war, we supported the British and Soviet forces. The staple of their war effort originated in the Lend-Lease Program. Instated by President Roosevelt in 1941, this act supplied Britain with a quarter of their munitions and Russia with just over a tenth of theirs. These goods were not seen as credits or loans, rather given freely to the nations fighting against the Axis powers in the interest of national defense (Dear 677). This secured a staging ground for all attacks on Southern Europe. During the war in Northern Africa, the Lend-Lease Act provided General Montgomery with nearly 700 tanks, weighing the battles in his favor and aiding in securing his victory against Rommel and the Afrika Corps (Dupuy 21). This program not only supplied countries with munitions and vehicles, but also with food. One-tenth of Americas entire crop yield was spent on supporting Britain while they were being cut off by German U-Boats. Also, at this time, near ly two thirds of all oil production used by the Allies came from wells in Texas and California. This was yet another vital compon...

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business ethics - Essay Example The management of human resources begins at recruitment and with that there are two strong ethical concerns for all companies. These are the dual issues of following anti-discrimination practices and equal opportunity guidelines (Lockwood, 2005). Simply put, all candidates must be viewed and hired based on their strengths and weaknesses as applicants without giving any biases to their race, gender, age, or physical abilities except in certain situations where such requirements may be an intrinsic part of the job (Alleyne, 2005). As discussed by Clarke (2005), a lot remains to be done in this particular field. Given that the nature of the job in an office setting may include guidelines for inclusion and accessibility may also be a mandatory requirement, there are very few exceptions to the ethical guidelines that can be taken by a company. Without exception, the person making the hiring decision for the company should follow ethical principles and it should be assumed by him/her that the law applies in the fullest sense during the recruitment process. Even before a person is hired, there are ethical requirements which must be observed in the selection and interview process including the idea of confidentiality as well as protecting the privacy of all candidates (Welch, 2005). While applying for the job, candidates may give out information such as email addresses that are considered to be private information in ethical terms and that must be kept secure by the company. After the recruitment has been completed, there are explicit contracts of employment that have to be ethically created and administered by HR professionals as a matter of following the laws of the land. However, there may also be implicit contracts which Emott (2006) suggests are the unspoken understandings between the organization and the workers as they relate to both the expectations of the workers and the obligations of the

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball Essay - 4

Why men's basketball is better than women's basketball - Essay Example In this sense, the writer employed the use of strategies in order to communicate and deliver his arguments and views. Where as he acknowledges that every ones opinion matters in this assessment, he also asserts that there are some inherent things with men’s basketball that makes it much cherished compared to that of the women (Kramer). He considers the airtime that the two are given and explains that men are given more than women and the situation makes it possible for men to dominate the game than women. On the other hand, the author also posits that in women basketball, there is no overall excitement as compared to that of men. These among other thing like the predictability of the women game makes it too boring to attend to and watch. In order to drive his point home, the author has used rhetorical tools to channel the same, for example. The writer thus has employed the use of ethos (ethical persuasion) to deliver his point home. For instance, when he says it is considered unethical for women to celebrate victory with a finger raised towards the opponents as it happens in the men’s case (Kramer). This is aimed at making the readers understand how the women’s game is bereft of jubilation thus explaining its unpopularity. The writer has also used logos to persuade the writer about his position. When he says that women games are not accorded much airtime in the media compared to men, it really gives the sense of appreciation why one of the gender games is better than the other. With reference to the second writer, he explains his point by using logos. In this sense, he logically convinces the readers that men’s basketball is better that women’s because of the period in which it has been existing. He says the given that basket ball was formerly meant to be men’s game, it has affected and shifted attention to their game than that

Comparison of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Gender

Comparison of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Gender Nichelle Morgan Research Question: Does the physical and psychosocial effects of musculoskeletal disorders differ between both male and female computer workers employed at the UWI St. Augustine Republic Bank Branch, Trinidad? Introduction A musculoskeletal disorder is defined as injuries or disorders that affect the human bodys movement or musculoskeletal system, i.e. muscles, tendons, ligaments, nerves, discs, blood vessels, etc. (Middlesworth, 2015). They are one of the most common occupational disorders that occur to employees both in and out of the office. When a worker experiences a musculoskeletal disorder, it has an impact on the quantity and quality of the work that they perform. Not only do these disorders affect the health of the worker, but it also affects the productivity of the organization and furthermore the economy (Nunes, 2012). For this topic, there were very limited sources that discusses gender and its association with the development of musculoskeletal disorders. As there is very little focus on musculoskeletal disorders amongst computer workers in Trinidad, this study will seek to gain more information and a better understanding of the known and unknown causal factors of musculoskeletal disorders, how or why it may differ between genders and what methods can be implemented to reduce the risk of an employee developing these disorders in the future. Problem Statement As places of business become more dependent on technology, there has been the increase in the usage of desktop computers and laptops in the workforce. Therefore, this brings about one of the most common occupational health problems, i.e. musculoskeletal disorders. One of the many groups of workers who has experienced this occupational ailment are the employees that work with computers. This group mostly express concerns about pains in their necks, arms, and backs (Punnet, 1997). The age, gender and lifestyle choices of the individual are a few factors that contribute to musculoskeletal disorders. For Trinidad and Tobago, there is very limited research conducted on the effects of musculoskeletal disorders among computer workers. Considering the lack of information for this topic, it gives rise for further research to be done on this occupational disorder in Trinidad and Tobago. Aim The aim of this research question is to further examine the long term physical and psychosocial effects of musculoskeletal disorders amongst computer workers. Factors such as gender, age, exposure time to computers and lifestyle of the worker would be used as additional control measures in this study. Theoretical Perspective With regards to the possible causes and long term effects of musculoskeletal disorders at the workplace, there are four theories which aids in analysing these causal injuries. Kumar (2004, 2007) explains the four theories as follows: The Multivariate Interaction Theory encompasses all the factors [genetic, morphological, psychosocial, and biomechanical] that a biological entity uses while conducting work activities. The Differential Fatigue Theory speaks to the various and repetitive muscle movement in the body that occurs while the worker is performing various tasks. Each muscle would experience different levels of fatigue and this depends on the type of work being conducted and how much stress that the muscle is undergoing. Cumulative Load Theory where all the muscle pain or stresses are accumulated. These repetitive motions over time causes the muscles to become weak and in some cases even deformed. Overexertion Theory This is when the muscles become extremely overworked due to the amount of stress or pressure being placed on those muscles. The muscles would either experience pain all at once or the pain will accumulate over time. The Differential Fatigue Theory is best suited to the discussion of causes of musculoskeletal disorders and its short and long term effects amongst computer workers. The neck, shoulder, back and arm muscles of the worker all undergo different levels of stress every day. The different levels stress in these muscles leads to the worker experiencing different types of pain while doing their job and even out of the office. Research Question/Hypothesis To further examine the long term physical and psychosocial effects of musculoskeletal disorders between male and female computer workers. Hypothesis: HO: There is no association with the length of computer usage and the development of musculoskeletal disorders between genders. HA: There is an association with the length of computer usage and the development of musculoskeletal disorders between genders. Definition of key terms Visual Display Unit [VDU] another term used to describe a computer monitor. A large projector can also be considered a VDU (TechTerms). Video Display Terminal [VDT] a computer terminal consisting of a screen on which data or graphics can be displayed (The Free Dictionary). Carpal Tunnel Syndrome [CTS] this is when there is pressure on the median nerve of the wrist. When this pressure is continuous, the arm or hand of the individual experiences tingling, numbness and pain (Faust, 2016). Repetitive Strain Injury [RSI] this is where an individual experiences pain in the muscles, nerves, and tendons after doing an activity that involves repetitive action (NHS UK). Delimitations The focus group for this research are the bank employees at the Republic Bank Limited branch located in the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus. Limitations The group selected for the questionnaire may be too small and not a large enough representation of all staff members at Republic Bank Limited, Trinidad. Literature Review Within the last century, the corporate workforce has increased exponentially and with this there is also the increase in the number of computers and the length of time that workers spend these devices in the workplace. Even though this machine is very helpful with everyday work tasks, its use over extended periods of time begins to have negative effects on the physical health of the worker. These physical health effects that a computer worker will most likely experience is referred to as musculoskeletal disorders. The parts of the body such as the arms, neck, shoulders and back are the main problem areas and contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders (Eltayeb et.al 2007). In an article written by Tittiranonda et.al (1999), it was mentioned that in the United States there was an increase in the number of the occurrence of musculoskeletal disorders in a ten-year period. The author also stated that the increase in cases involving musculoskeletal disorders is in conjunction with the increase of computer usage at the workplace. One of the most common musculoskeletal disorders that several computer users experience is carpal tunnel syndrome. This disorder affects the wrists and fingers of the worker, thus limiting the movement of the hands and the pain ranges from light to severe (Faust, 2016). The Mayo Clinic (2014) indicated that there was scientific research was done to verify the link between extended computer use and carpal tunnel syndrome but the evidence to support this statement is limited. Similarly, in his study Kryger et.al. (2003) spoke about repetitive stress injury [RSI] with regards to the pain that workers experience in their forearm and mentioned that there were inconsistent findings in a few studies which were conducted to find the association between computer use and forearm pain. Middlesworth (2015) divided the risk factors that contributes to musculoskeletal disorders into two categories, these are the Ergonomic and Individual risk factors. The Ergonomic risk factors consists of force, repetition, and posture, whereas the Individual risk factors are poor work practices, poor fitness, and poor health habits. For example, if the posture of the worker is poor throughout the entire workday, not only would it cause pain in the lower back, shoulders, and neck, but it would also lead to increased fatigue. Poor posture and the utilization of inadequate office equipment such as unsuitable computer chairs for extensive periods can also contribute to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. In terms of poor health habits and its relation to musculoskeletal disorders, it is not considered to be a major factor in the development of musculoskeletal disorders as there is very little research done to prove this as a fact. However, there is some correlation between poor fitness and the development of musculoskeletal disorders. For example, if an individual is not physically fit and is sitting at the desk most of the day, it heightens their chances of experiencing both muscle and joint pain. With regards to gender and musculoskeletal disorders, one report stated that there is no evidence to confirm that gender is a main factor in the development of this occupational disease (Petreanu, 2015). However, in another study conducted by de Zwart (1997) it was found that as both working males and females age, they are at a higher risk of developing musculoskeletal disorders at the workplace. In another article, Madeleine et.al (2013) carried out an experiment on the long-term pain complaints amongst Danish computer users which resulted in the women having higher reports of pain complaints than the men. Given the difference in opinions in the previous paragraph, this gives an indication that there is still more research to be done to find the association with gender and musculoskeletal disorder development. Trinidad and Tobago has many persons that are employed in the public sector and by carrying out a study in this area of occupational health, it would give some insight as to how musculoskeletal disorders affects the office worker and how we can reduce the number of cases of this occupational disease. Research Design/Method The quantitative design method would be used alongside with the true experimental design in this study. By pairing the quantitative method and the true experimental design, this would reduce the chances of bias during both pre-test and post-test stages. Sample Populations and Participants The population that this study will be sampling from are the employees of Republic Bank Limited in Trinidad that work with computers daily. The sample group will comprise of 100 employees that work with computers for more than six hours during the work day at the Republic Bank Limited, St Augustine Branch. The participants in this sample group were randomly chosen as this would allow for a fair distribution of participants to both the control group and the experimental group. Data Collection Instruments, Variables and Materials For this study, data would be collected by means of questionnaires and an experiment. The independent variable would be the exposure to computers during the work week [hours/week]. The dependent variables would be the musculoskeletal symptoms [back pains, neck pains, shoulder pains, arm, and wrist pains], gender, lifestyle and age of the employee. The questionnaire would consist of closed ended questions which would gather data from the employees such as lifestyle choices, health, workspace comfort, etc. To ensure that the participants respond to the questions, there would be two supervisors [a research team representative and a representative from the Human Resources Department] present while the employees take the allotted time to fill out the questionnaire. After all the questionnaires have been completed, they would be collected immediately and handed over to the research team representative. In terms of the experiment, it will be carried out at the workplace of the participants for a period of two months. In the first week, the experimental group [made up of 50 participants] would receive new ergonomically friendly computer desks and chairs, while the control group [also comprised of 50 participants] would be given a placebo. The employees would be required fill out a digital weekly log for eight working weeks to record whether there has been any decrease in muscle pains and at the end of each week the participants must submit these logs to the research team representative via the email address which was provided one day prior to the commencement of the experiment. Data Analysis Procedure As the research would be focusing on the length of computer usage and its association with the development of musculoskeletal disorders between men and women, the SPSS program was chosen to analyse the data. After the data from the questionnaires and the weekly logs have been gathered, the researchers would then go through a series of steps to ensured that the data is properly analysed. The first step is to code the data from the weekly logs [hours/week versus the musculoskeletal symptoms] and the questionnaires. Secondly, the data would be edited and then placed into a computerised system. The data would then be cleaned as this would remove any errors that may offset the results and finally, the data will be modified. Expected outcome The results from the statistical analysis should indicate that there is indeed an association with the exposure time of computers and the development of musculoskeletal disorders between male and female computer workers. Anticipated Ethical Issues This study is being conducted with human beings as the test subjects. To ensure that the ethical rules in research are not broken, the research team took measures to ensure that all the data that was gathered from the participants were to remain confidential and used only for research purposes. This would be done by having the participants signing two consent forms, one before filling out the questionnaires and the other on the morning of the experimental trial. Secondly, the head of the research team would meet the Human Resources manager of the Republic Bank Limited prior to the experimentation period to discuss the purpose of the study, why their establishment and the St. Augustine branch was chosen and how the data gathered from the employees was to be utilized. Preliminary Studies and Pilot Tests Before the research team carries out the experiment, a pilot test will be given to 40 employees at the Republic Bank Limited branch. The purpose of this pilot test is to give an assessment of the estimated cost to run the experiment, gives an idea of how feasible the study is going to be and may also predict any possible adverse events during the test period. Significance of study The study of musculoskeletal disorders and its effects on computer workers is of key importance as it allows for a deeper understanding of the causal factors of the disorder. It also brings about ways in which the computer workers themselves may have contributed to the development of musculoskeletal disorders in their bodies. The study may also bring about possible solutions for reducing the physical and psychosocial health effects of this occupational disease amongst the computer workers not only at the Republic Bank, but also all corporate businesses in Trinidad and Tobago. References Christensson, Per. VDU Definition. TechTerms. (November 6, 2009). Accessed January 3rd, 2017. http://techterms.com/definition/vdu. de Zwart, B., Broersen, J., Frings-Dresen, M. et al. Int Arch Occup Environ Health (1997) 70: 352. Accessed on January 8th, 2017. doi:10.1007/s004200050229. Eltayeb Shahla et.al. 2007. Prevalence of complaints of arm, neck and shoulder among computer office workers and psychometric evaluation of a risk factor questionnaire. http://bmcmusculoskeletdisord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2474-8-68 Accessed on December 30th, 2016. Faust Katherine, Charles D. Jennings. Carpal Tunney Syndrome. 2016. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00005 Accessed on January 3rd, 2017. Kryger A.I. et.al. Does computer use pose an occupational hazard for forearm pain; from the NUDATA study. Occup Environ Med 2003;60:e14. Accessed on January 3rd, 2017. doi:10.1136/oem.60.11.e14. Kumar, Shrawan: Muscle Strength. Florida: CRC Press 2004.https://books.google.tt/books?id=IXRJ457fGp8Cpg=PA10lpg=PA10dq=differential+fatigue+theorysource=blots=6ZQ3rQg2Kjsig=1GtsSbEPM6fKvdB7LqBgHGyY8Hwhl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwic67C-h6XRAhVBLSYKHStyBwwQ6AEIKTAC#v=onepageq=differential%20fatigue%20theoryf=false Accessed on January 3rd, 2017. Kumar, Shrawan: Biomechanics in Ergonomics. Florida: CRC Press 2007. https://books.google.tt/books?id=gDbMBQAAQBAJpg=PA3lpg=PA3dq=Multivariate+Interaction+Theorysource=blots=q43xFPztEHsig=zFHmVwPfraPydVFtZgRF8YSyIX4hl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwjfkJTdo5_RAhUI6CYKHWoVDCYQ6AEIWTAJ#v=onepageq=Multivariate%20Interaction%20Theoryf=false Accessed on January 2nd, 2017. Madeleine, Pascal et.al. Computer work and self-reported variables on anthropometrics, computer usage, work ability, productivity, pain, and physical activity BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders201314:226. Accessed on December 8th, 2017. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-14-226. Mayo Clinic. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: Risk Factors. 2014. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/basics/risk-factors/con-20030332 Accessed on January 3rd, 2017. Middlesworth, Matt. The Definition and Causes of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Accessed on December 29th, 2016. http://ergo-plus.com/musculoskeletal-disorders-msd/ NHS UK. Repetitive Stress Injury. 2016. http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Repetitive-strain-injury/Pages/Introduction.aspx Accessed on January 3rd, 2017. Nunes, Isabel L. and Pamela McCauley Bush (2012). Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Assessment and Prevention, Ergonomics A Systems Approach. Accessed on January 8th, 2017. DOI: 10.5772/37229. Petreanu Viorica and Aurelia-Mihaela Seracin. 2015. Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders development: hand-arm tasks, repetitive work. https://oshwiki.eu/wiki/Risk_factors_for_musculoskeletal_disorders_development:_hand-arm_tasks,_repetitive_work Accessed on January 8th, 2017. Punnet, Laura. Visual Display Unit Work and Upper Extremity Musculoskeletal Disorders. 1997:16. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/4159/1/ah1997_16.pdf Accessed on January 8th, 2017. Appendices Appendix 1: Questionnaire Good day participant, My name is Nichelle Morgan and I am a postgraduate student in the Chemistry Department of the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus. As a requirement for one of my core courses, I have been asked to create a questionnaire which looks at musculoskeletal disorders and the physical and psychosocial effects that it has on computer workers. Once this questionnaire has been completed in its entirety, the responses will be used to further explore the known and unknown causal factors of this occupational disease. With regards to confidentiality, you will not be required to fill out your name or contact information on the questionnaire thus reassuring you that your responses will remain private. I appreciate you taking the time to participate in this study. If you have any questions, please feel free to contact me via my email address [emailprotected] . Once again, I thank you for taking part in this study. Yours respectfully, Nichelle Morgan MSc. Occupational and Environmental Safety and Health, Department of Chemistry, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus. What is your gender? †¢ Male †¢Female Which age group do you belong to? †¢ 20-24 †¢ 25-29 †¢ 30-34 †¢ 35-39 †¢ 40-44 †¢ >45 What is your ethnic background? †¢ Afro-Trinidadian †¢ Indo- Trinidadian †¢ Chinese †¢ Syrian †¢ Mixed †¢ Other How often do you exercise? †¢ Once a month †¢ Twice a month †¢ 1-2 times a week †¢ Everyday †¢ Never How often do you purchase or consume fast food? †¢ Daily †¢ 1-3 times a week †¢ Twice a month †¢ Once a month †¢ Never How long have you been employed at Republic Bank? †¢ †¢ 5-9 years †¢ 10-14 years †¢ 15- 19 years †¢ >20 years Do you use computers daily at work? †¢ Yes †¢ No If you responded Yes to Question 7, how many hours do you use the computer? †¢ †¢ 4-6 hours †¢ 6-8 hours While working with the computer, how often do you take a short break (besides lunch hour)? †¢ Never †¢ Every 2 hours †¢ Every 4 hours †¢ Depends on the work load Do you experience any muscular pains while working? †¢ Yes †¢ No If you responded Yes to Question 10, which part of the body does this pain occur? †¢ Neck †¢ Shoulders †¢ Upper back †¢ Lower back †¢ Arms and Wrists †¢ Legs †¢ All the above How often do you experience these pains? †¢ Everyday †¢ Every other day †¢ 1-2 times a week †¢ Twice a month †¢ Once a month †¢ Never Select the pain intensity that you experience †¢ Mild †¢ Some Discomfort †¢ Very Uncomfortable †¢ Intense †¢ Unbearable At times does the pain cause you to stop working? †¢ Yes †¢ No Was there an occasion where you missed working day/working days because of the pain? †¢ Yes †¢ No If you responded Yes to Question 15, how many days were you absent from work? †¢ 1-2 days †¢ 3-5 days †¢ 2 weeks †¢ 1 month Is your office furniture (computer chair) comfortable? †¢ Yes †¢ No If your response to Question 17 is No, select the reason below †¢ Chair is not adjustable †¢ The seat of the chair is too hard †¢ The back of chair does not support your spine properly †¢ Not enough leg room below desk †¢ All the above Appendix 2: Budget The estimated cost of the equipment required to carry out this study is $110,000. The cost of the ergonomically friendly chairs for the experimental group is $63,646.65 and the cost of the placebo chairs for the control group is $36,478.15. The rest of the funds ($9,845.05) would be distributed to the 100 participants as a token of appreciation for taking part in this study. There was a signed agreement between the sponsor of the equipment where they arranged to cover 60% of the cost while the research team will cover the remainder 40%.

Whaling: One of the Big Issues in the World

Whaling Whaling is the hunting of whales and it is one of the big issues in the world. Japan is one of the pro-whaling countries and a majority of the Western countries are objecting to Japan. However, this essay would like to insist that whaling is a part of the Japanese rural traditional culture, so it is important for some Japanese people. Therefore, the essay support the idea that whale hunting should not be prohibited.This essay aims to tell people who do not know about Japanese whaling well that the true Japanese attitude toward whaling is very different from what they imagine, and o clear up an opponent's misunderstanding of it. What are the motivations for whaling in Japan? What are the social implications of whaling in Japan? I will answer to these questions. First of all, the biggest reason why a lot of countries oppose whaling is that whales are endangered species. However, the truth is Japan is hunting adequate numbers concerning the numbers of whales to prevent them from becoming extinct.In the world, it is said, â€Å"there are 84 species of whales† and â€Å"out of all of the 84 species, only a limited number traditionally have been hunted, such as blue whales, fin whales, inke whales, humpback whales, sperm whales and gray whales† Oapan Whaling Association). According to Gardiner, â€Å"When whales were over-hunted, species such as blue whales and right whales were reduced to very low population levels, but these species now have been fully protected for decades â€Å"(21). Then, Japan is not hunting these species and strongly believes that they should continue to be protected.On the other hand, there are species which are abundant enough that marine management is needed, † such as the Antarctic and northwestern Pacific minke hales and northwestern Pacific Bryde's whales† Oapan Whaling Association). Gardiner also said that â€Å"there are three times as many minke whales as there were 30 years ago, and humpbacks are increasing by 17 percent a year† (21). Actually, for example, â€Å"Antarctic minke whales are hunted 850 out of 442,000 by Japan, and this amount is only 0. 2% of 442,000† Oapan Whaling Association).Thus, thanks to the advanced use of computers, we can obtain precise and clear data of the numbers of whales, so IWC, The International Whaling Commission, is the global ntergovernmental body charged with the conservation of whales and the management of whaling, can determine appropriate numbers of whales to catch quotas on a stock by stock basis. Therefore, Japanese whaling will not harm the health of the whale populations. No whales have ever been hunted to extinction, nor will they be. Then why is Japan still hunting whales in spite of being opposed by many countries?It is because hunting whales and eating their meat is the Japanese traditional culture. Japanese people have been living with whales from prehistoric age until now. During this long history, whaling culture such as songs, dances, and traditional crafts have begun through whaling. On the other side of the coin, Japanese people have received benefits from whaling. In fact, there is a faith in whales which is for holding a memorial service for whales by way of warning because Japanese people know that taking their lives is a really serious matter.Peace said that â€Å"the Japanese do not attach the same significance to the whale as Westerners do because of the way it is culturally categorized† (7). Then, â€Å"the whale falls into the ategory of fish rather than mammal: the character for Whale' has two parts, the first being the sign for a fish† (Peace 7). Therefore, it also shows clearly that there is a big cultural difference between Japan and Westerners, and it is very difficult to bridge the gap.Morishita also argued that â€Å"Japan, with limited grazing land and adherence to Buddhist teachings that prohibited eating of land mammals, has long resorted to the oceans to supply its animal protein. This is why we consider our food culture a ‘seafood culture' in contrast to the European and US' cattle culture'. † We recognize hat there are diverse food cultures in the world, and some people only accept eating of pigs and cattle while others regard eating animals as normal, so eating whales is almost the same for Japanese too.Whale dietary culture has begun from â€Å"around 1952, whale meat was officially included in school lunch-boxes nationwide, staying there for a couple of decades† according to Blok (56). Consequently, older generations in Japanese society widely share memories of eating the meat of whales during childhood. It is said that â€Å"Japanese dietary habits have changed drastically, with beef, ork and chicken, taking over and whale-meat all but disappearing, then whale-mean has become a highly â€Å"select† food, usually enjoyed at special occasions or at specific whale cuisine restaurants† (Blok 56).Th us, whale-meat eating became more special, traditional, and valuable action for Japanese, so this tradition should be passed down the generations. Some people might say that Japan is the only country, which is hunting whales, but it is wrong. Actually, Norway, Iceland, and Alaska are hunting whales too though, â€Å"Japan seems to take the blame for all the whaling in the world† (Gardiner 21). He also continued to say â€Å"Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Canada take twice as many whales as Japan.Yet the Japanese are seen as taking more than everyone† (Gardiner 21). It means that maybe the argument of whaling is almost the one-way conversation and other countries ignore a Japanese insistence. Gardiner also said â€Å"many articles written on whaling in major Western magazines seem to have an anti-Japanese bias and such media have manipulated various governments over the years into believing that the majority of New Zealanders oppose whaling† (22). Therefore, un fortunately this makes people get the wrong mpression of Japanese whaling.For preventing this, the media must report opinions of the both sides about whaling and have to stick with a neutral position, so that people also can understand there is a big cultural difference. Whaling is very controversial issue in the world and it is very difficult to say whether that action is right or wrong, because, needless to say, there is a difference in values between the pro-whaling and the anti-whaling communities. However, this essay aimed to dispel the misconception about Japanese values toward whaling and understand their point of view.Then the research supports the idea that whaling should not be banned, because some species of whales are not endangered and furthermore, Japan knows very well about how many whales they can hunt without threatening them with extinction and the country also protects endangered species. In addition, eating whale-meat connects to the Japanese tradition and Japan considers whales as fish compared to Western countries as mammals. Therefore, the essay would like some people to know that these truths and not be manipulated by the biased media. Japanese whaling nas social implications, such as culture, tood, and employment.Some people live because the Job of whaling, so if it is banned, they would lose their jobs and some young people have to leave their town, because they would not be able to get a Job. Therefore, whaling is important for Japan so should not be banned. Furthermore, it is important to educate the Western world about this topic, because there are many values in this world, so people must not to be biased when they think about a world issue. Then discussing and exchanging views of the both sides with each other not by attacking mentally and physically would also create cross-cultural nderstanding.